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Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xii
PART I PROCESS AND TOOLS 1
CHAPTER 1 SHAPING THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 3
Introduction 3
Toward Sustainable Built Environments 5
The Power of Place, the Role of Design 12
Site-Planning Process 13
Knowledge, Skills, and Values 20
Conclusion 21
CHAPTER 2 VISUALIZATION OF SPATIAL INFORMATION 23
Introduction 23
Graphic Communication 23
Mapping Fundamentals 26
Principles of Effective Graphic Communication 32
Base Maps 34
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 37
Conclusion 39
PART II SITE SELECTION AND PROGRAMMING 41
CHAPTER 3 SITE SELECTION 43
Introduction 43
Site Selection Scope 45
The Site Selection Process 47
Conclusion 66
v
CHAPTER 4 PROGRAMMING 77
Introduction 77
Programming Methods 79
Program Documentation 86
Conclusion 89
PART III SITE INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS 99
Chapter 5 SITE INVENTORY: PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES 101
Introduction 101
Parcel Size and Shape 103
Topography 104
Geology 108
Hydrology 110
Soils 113
Climate 117
Natural Hazards 123
Conclusion 125
Chapter 6 SITE INVENTORY: BIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES 127
Introduction 127
Ecological Communities 127
Trees 133
Wildlife 136
Conclusion 138
Chapter 7 SITE INVENTORY: CULTURAL ATTRIBUTES 139
Introduction 139
Land Use and Tenure 140
Land-Use Regulation 141
Property Value 146
Public Infrastructure 148
Building and Neighborhood Character 149
Historic Resources 153
Sensory Perception 155
Conclusion 164
Chapter 8 SITE ANALYSIS: INTEGRATION AND SYNTHESIS 169
Introduction 169
Site Carrying Capacity 171
Suitability Analysis 172
Integration and Synthesis 184
Conclusion 196
vi Contents
PART IV DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 207
Chapter 9 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN 209
Introduction 209
Context-Sensitive Design 210
Design Determinants 211
Creativity and Conceptual Design 213
The Conceptual Design Process 215
Anatomy of a Concept Plan 217
Concept Plan Graphics 224
Concept Evaluation and Refinement 229
Conclusion 231
Chapter 10 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 251
Introduction 251
Sustainability and Livability 251
Design Theory 252
Open Space 264
Circulation Systems 269
Buildings 278
Conclusion 288
Chapter 11 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 295
Introduction 295
Quality by Design 296
Construction Documentation 305
Contract Administration 307
Permitting and Approvals 308
Conclusion 316
Appendix 329
Glossary 337
References 347
Index 357
Contents vii
Preface
CONTEXT
A context-sensitive approach to sustainable planning and development helps to protect
public health, safety, and welfare. By avoiding inherent site problems, or constraints, and by
capitalizing on inherent site assets, or opportunities, site planners can limit long-term
maintenance costs and, more important, reduce the risks to life and property from natural
hazards. The careful analysis of sites—and the site’s context—can lead to better development
proposals and, ultimately, to higher-quality built environments.
Qualified site planners and designers are vital to this process. Proposals for carefully sited
projects may receive faster approvals and permitting, improved marketability, and rent and
sales premiums (Bookout, 1994). The emphasis of the second edition, like the first, is on the
site planning process and the organization, analysis, and communication of information
throughout this process. This second edition keeps the same structure and format as the first
but delves into greater depth within each phase of the site planning process.
WHAT’S NEW
New content has been added to every chapter of this second edition. Substantial revisions
were made to Chapter 1 (Shaping the Built Environment), Chapter 2 (Visualization of
Spatial Information), Chapter 3 (Site Selection), Chapter 6 (Site Inventory: Biological
Attributes), Chapter 7 (Site Inventory: Cultural Attributes), Chapter 8 (Site Analysis:
Integration and Synthesis), Chapter 9 (Conceptual Design), Chapter 10 (Design Development),
and Chapter 11 (Project Implementation). Chapter 10 from the first edition was
divided and expanded to create Chapters 10 and 11 in the second edition. This revised
edition explores in more detail the linkages between site conditions and ecologically
sustainable development—and redevelopment—of the built environment. More attention
ix
is also given to finer-scale site and building design issues and to the development regulations
and design review processes that influence the shaping of the built environment.
ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK
This book is divided into four parts. Part I, Process and Tools, contains Chapter 1 (Shaping
the Built Environment) and Chapter 2 (Visualization of Spatial Information). The first
chapter summarizes the site planning and design process and places site planning and design
in the broader context of sustainable planning and development. The second chapter
addresses the basic principles of mapping and graphic communication in site planning and
design.
Part II, Site Selection and Programming, also has two chapters. Chapter 3 (Site
Selection) examines the goals and methods of site suitability analysis leading to the compa
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